Electronic payment clearing and check image exchange systems and methods

ABSTRACT

A system and corresponding method are provided. The system includes a plurality of first entities (such as banks), each first entity communicatively connected to at least one distributed traffic agent (DTA), a second entity (such as a central facility) communicatively connected to a DTA, and a communication network communicatively connecting the DTAs. A payload containing a data file (such as electronic check presentment data, electronic payment data, or any other data type) is communicated from one first entity to another through their respective DTAs via the communication network. In addition, a transmittal containing control information corresponding to the payload is communicated from the one first entity to the second entity through their respective DTAs via the communication network.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to electronic payment and check presentment systems and methods, and more particularly, to centrally accountable peer-to-peer payment clearing, electronic check presentment and the exchange of digital check images. The present invention also generally relates to a distributed system architecture for implementing these systems and methods.

2. Related Art

Various programs are being implemented by financial institutions to transition the traditional paper check collection and return process into an electronic process. Such efforts are being undertaken to reduce the costs, time delays, and other problems associated with the processing of the over 40 billion paper checks collected per year in the United States.

In the conventional, paper-based check collection system, most paper checks are physically delivered by the writer of the particular check (i.e., the payor) to the person or entity to whom the check is made out (i.e., the payee). The check is deposited in the payee's financial institution, which is referred to as the bank of first deposit or the depositary bank. The check is physically delivered by the depositary bank to the bank on which the check is drawn (i.e., the paying bank) and ultimately back to the payor. Generally, checks delivered to a paying bank are accompanied by a cash letter, which lists all of the checks being delivered and information about each check, including the amount of the check. Delivering the paper check from the depositary bank to the paying bank can involve numerous check sorting processes and multiple intermediary collecting banks as the check moves through the collection process. If the check for some reason is not honored by the paying bank, e.g., because the payor has insufficient funds, then the check travels back to the depositary bank and the payee.

This check collection system, in which billions of paper checks are physically shuffled back and forth among various entities, entails significant costs and time delays. Moreover, due to banking regulations, the collection process must take place within strict schedules. For example, the paying bank has only one to one and a half days from the time a check is presented to decide whether to return the check and recover its payment before the check is final. Also, the payee may lose interest for each day's delay in the collection process. Of course, the collection process is vulnerable to physical phenomenon, such as transportation delays caused by severe weather.

Electronic check presentment (ECP) is one type of electronic system that is being used to supplement the traditional paper check collection process. Currently, in ECP, the depositary bank or a collecting bank electronically reads from each paper check the account number, routing transit number (RTN), dollar amount and check number, which are printed on the check in a magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) line (this information is referred to as the “MICR information”), and possibly other information as well. This information is used to create a separate electronic record, referred to as an electronic check or cash letter, that is sent to the paying bank. The original paper checks are often sent at a later time.

For example, a depositary bank may electronically send an electronic cash letter for checks deposited on Monday, which will reach the paying bank by Monday evening. The paper checks usually arrive at the paying bank by the next day (Tuesday), in time for the returns process. After the paying bank receives the paper checks and reads the MICR data from them, it reconciles the paper checks with the electronic cash letter received earlier to determine missing or free items. The items to be returned, e.g., for lack of funds on deposit, are pulled and returned to the depositary bank. However, one disadvantage of this process is that it is not entirely paperless, that is, it still requires the movement of paper checks.

To reduce the movement of paper checks, check image exchange, also referred to as check truncation, has been generally proposed as an alternative. In check truncation, at some point in the check clearing process before the paper check reaches the check writer's bank, a digital image of the paper check is produced and sent in lieu thereof for further processing. The original paper check may then be stored and/or destroyed. However, check truncation has so far been limited in actual practice, for example, to imaging cancelled checks, and replacing conventional customer statements with on-line statements in which a check writer may view images of cancelled checks through the Internet, and if desired, selectively print them out. It would thus be desirable to have the checks truncated earlier in the clearing process, and specifically, to implement an ECP system with check truncation at the bank of first deposit, or at an intermediary bank, such as a clearing house or a Reserve Bank.

Another disadvantage relates to the architecture of the current ECP system. In particular, as shown in FIG. 1, one known and widely-used ECP system is based on a hub and spoke configuration. In this configuration, all electronic cash letters 100 are transmitted by the “spoke” depositary or collecting banks 102 (e.g., Bank A) to a central hub, switch 110, to be routed to “spoke” paying banks 104 (e.g., Banks B, C, and D). A number of cash letters 100, each of which is directed to a different paying bank 104, may be combined in a single electronic cash letter file 115 with a single file header 105. Upon receiving an electronic cash letter file 115, switch 110 deletes the file header 105, separates the combined file 115 into separate electronic cash letter files 120 for each paying bank, provides a new file header 125 for each file, and sends each file 120 into a separate queue 130 for each corresponding paying bank 104. The paying banks 104 then periodically retrieve the electronic cash letters 120 from their particular queue 130. Switch 110 also performs certain quality control functions, e.g., preventing processing of duplicate files, and reporting functions.

However, a hub and spoke configuration disadvantageously results in latency in the transfer of electronic cash letters due to processing time required at the central hub (switch). Such delays are particular significant if the electronic cash letter file is accompanied by check image data, as would be in an image exchange system. In addition, the operation of the central hub involves substantial redundant expense, because it must have the capacity to process every transaction in every file, even though each collecting and paying bank must process the transactions for its own purposes. Furthermore, this additional central processing is not necessary for the routing of transaction files, because modern telecommunications networks are capable of delivering files transmitted under protocols such as TCP/IP peer-to-peer, that is, without a central hub. In fact, such a central hub increases the risk of system wide failure for a payment clearing network because its failure would render the entire network unusable. To counter this vulnerability, payments network operators have had to create even more redundant systems at great expense.

Similar hub and spoke systems are used to clear other types of electronic payments (EP), including those initiated electronically or by use of credit or debit cards. These electronic payments are usually cleared in a manner similar to current ECP methods as described above. Payment system operators in the United States and most other countries operate separate, dedicated, specialized payment switches for each type of payment, including automated clearing house (ACH) entries, Giro transfers, credit card transactions and debit card transactions.

Most of these payment systems require the transmission of files including payment data, which may or may not be destined for multiple paying financial institutions, to a centralized payment switch. The payment switch separates transactions into distinct files for each paying institutions, which are then transmitted to the intended recipient or placed in a queue for later retrieval. Again, the use of a hub and spoke configuration in EP systems presents similar problems as described above in regard to ECP systems.

Accordingly, it would be desirable to have a system configuration that overcomes the problems associated with a hub and spoke configuration. Further, it would also be desirable to use such a system to process ECP data (with or without check images), EP data, or both.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to overcome or mitigate the above problems associated with the prior electronic payment and electronic check presentment systems.

In one aspect of the present invention, a system and corresponding method are provided. The system includes a plurality of first entities (such as banks), each first entity communicatively connected to at least one distributed traffic agent (DTA), a second entity (such as a central facility) communicatively connected to a DTA, and a communication network communicatively connecting the DTAs. A payload containing a data file (such as electronic check presentment data, electronic payment data, or any other data type) is communicated from one first entity to another through their respective DTAs via the communication network. In addition, a transmittal containing control information corresponding to the payload is communicated from the one first entity to the second entity through their respective DTAs via the communication network.

These and other objects and aspects will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be more readily understood from a detailed description of the preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the following figures.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a known and conventional electronic check presentment (ECP) system in which electronic check letters are sent to a central switch for distribution to paying banks.

FIG. 2 depicts the architecture of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 depicts the communication protocols of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 depicts the payload and transmittal flow of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 5 a-5 f depict various hardware configurations for embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an ECP system with image exchange capability, in which electronic check letters and check image data are sent to paying banks via a private network.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the ECP system showing receipt and processing of deposited checks by the collecting bank.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the ECP system showing receipt and posting of ECP with image data at the paying bank.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the ECP system showing disposition of truncated paper items and receipt of return ECP data at the collecting bank.

FIG. 10 depicts an example of the Day 1 process of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 depicts an example of the Day 2 process of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a distributed traffic agent (DTA) installed at a host bank.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of the functions performed by the DTAs of the collecting bank, the paying bank, and the central facility.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of the interconnection of the ECP system with a monitor and control system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A “payload” is a file of data, and may include, as discussed below, a large account table file, any type of ECP data file, an electronic payment (EP) data file, or any other financial or non-financial-related data file, or any combinations thereof.

A “message” is a set of control and/or summary information used to control and to communicate information regarding transmission of payloads.

A “transmittal” is a message containing information associated with a payload, and specifically may contain information identifying the sender and receiver of the payload and/or summary information used to validate the integrity and contents of the payload.

The system of the present invention communicates payloads and corresponding transmittals using a distributed, intelligent architecture, to obtain the benefits of central control and coordination of the prior art central switch without the above-discussed disadvantages of a hub and spoke configuration. Payloads of electronic check data (with or without image data), electronic payment data, or any other type of data are exchanged peer-to-peer between participating banks or other entities, thus eliminating or reducing the latency associated with processing the same via a central switch, the redundant processing among the banks and central switch, and the risk of system-wide failure. Communicating transmittals containing control, tracking and like information, corresponding to the payloads, to a central control facility retains the centralized control and coordination benefits of the central switch.

In particular, each outgoing payload is designated for at least one receiving (or destination) bank or entity. A sending distributed traffic agent (sending DTA) accepts the outgoing payload from the payment and/or check processing computer system of a sending (or originating) bank or entity. A network address module obtains a network address for the destination bank. The outgoing payload is re-formatted according to a protocol of the network by the sending DTA, and transmitted with a transmittal via the network to the network address of the destination bank.

A receiving DTA receives an incoming payload via the network from a sending bank, re-formats it according to the format of the receiving bank's payment and/or check processing computer system, and passes the re-formatted payload thereto.

A sending/originating bank can also be a receiving/destination bank, and vice-versa, and the system can be implemented with both sending and receiving functionality.

The network address module may be configured to obtain network address of the destination bank from a central facility via the network, or from a routing transit number (RTN) of the destination bank. Conversely, the network address module may obtain the RTN of the originating bank from the central facility via the network, or from the network address of the originating bank.

The DTA may also divide each outgoing payload into a plurality of single destination outgoing payloads, in accordance to the respective destination banks, if the outgoing payload contains data destined for more than one destination bank. In addition, a priority may be assigned to the outgoing payloads. The priority determines the order in which the outgoing payloads are processed at the respective destination banks.

A network interface module may transmit control data via the network to a central facility, the control data being computed from the outgoing payload. The central facility may reconcile the control data computed from the outgoing payload with control data received from the originating bank.

More preferably, this control data is included in a separate transmittal message, as discussed above, which is uniquely associated with a payload. By using a transmittal message that is separate from the payload, the need for the central facility DTA to process payload data itself can be eliminated or reduced substantially. Control data can also be used for system-wide purposes such as management reporting, settlement and risk management, all without requiring centralized processing of the payload. The control data can also be used to prevent the transmission of duplicate files, files not consistent with defined business rules such as processing dates, deadlines or inter-bank exchange partnerships.

As used herein, the term “module” refers to any combination of computer hardware and software that is configured to carry out a specified function. For example, a module may be a portion of a software program, e.g., a subroutine, executing on a general purpose personal computer or workstation. A module may also may include hardware such as, for example, memory components (e.g., RAM, ROM, etc.), data buses, integrated circuits (ICs) for performing synchronous or asynchronous data input and output, ICs for performing computer network data transmission and reception, and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).

The architecture of the system of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 2, and comprises a private network 2000 communicatively connecting the banks' systems (for example, Bank A's system 2040 and Bank B's system 2050) and the central facility system 2060. DTAs are the connecting points into the private network 2000. Each DTA is associated with a single entity (bank or central facility). However, there may be multiple DTAs assigned to each entity.

Bank A's system 2040 communicates payloads, transmittal messages, and processing notification messages to and/or from Bank A's DTA 2010 through a firewall. Similarly, Bank B's system 2050 communicates payloads, transmittal messages and processing notification messages to and/or from Bank B's DTA 2020 through a firewall. To send this information, each entity may access a DTA via a push/pull process, for example, using CONNECT:Direct (known software from Sterling Commerce used to perform file transfers between member banks and the private network; messages may be transferred if written as files). Messages (only) may be optionally moved with MQSeries send/receive queues. Bank A's DTA 2010 and Bank B's DTA 2020 communicate the payloads to each other, through, for example, a TCP/IP link 2015.

The banks DTAs 2010 and 2020 also transmit transmittal messages and processing notification messages to and/or from the central facility DTA 2030 via the TCP/IP link 2015. These messages in turn are communicated to/from the central facility system 2060, also via the push/pull process (e.g., via Connect:Direct) or via the MQ Series send/receive queues.

As is readily apparent to those skilled in the art, this system does not use a hub and spoke configuration, nor has its attendant disadvantages, as the relatively large payloads of data are neither transmitted through nor processed by a central hub. They are instead transmitted bank to bank via the network. Further, only a relatively small amount of control information, via transmittal and processing notification messages, are communicated to and from a central facility and to the banks, which provides the central control and coordination benefits of the hub and spoke system. In addition, because this system does not require centralized processing of the payload data itself, it can also accommodate different types of payload data (ECP, EP, or any other data) without requiring significant reprogramming or changes in the basic communication and control process.

To allow the banks to view of control data of the transmittal/processing notification messages, and information generated therefrom, a Checkview web server 2061 is operatively connected to the central facility system 2060 and, through a firewall, to a public network (Internet) 2070. Bank systems 2040 and 2050 each have a Checkview web client, respectively 2041 and 2051, operatively connected thereto, and through a firewall, to the Internet 2070. The communication links to the Internet 2070 use standard IP protocols, such as HTTP, FTP, etc. The Checkview web server 2061 provides the control data and related information via the Internet to the Checkview web clients 2041 and 2051 for bank access and viewing of the same.

FIG. 3 depicts exemplary communication languages and protocols among Bank A's DTA 2010 (configured as a sending DTA), Bank B's DTA 2020 (configured as a receiving DTA), central facility DTA 2030, Bank A's system 2040, Bank B's system 2050, as well as between the central facility DTA 2030 and the central facility system's database server 2062, and between the central facility DTA 2030 and the central facility system's Checkview server 2061.

FIG. 4 depicts the payload and transmittal events and flows in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The sending bank 4001 is a financial institution that initiates the sending of a new payload 4002. The new payload is sent by the sending bank 4001 to the sending DTA 4003 associated with the sending bank 4001, via a bank-developed Connect:Direct script. Once a payload has been transmitted to the sending DTA 4003, the sending bank 4001 must also send a transmittal message 4004, via a bank-developed Connect:Direct script or via an MQSeries message queue, to the sending DTA 4003 to initiate the transfer of the payload 4002. (Not shown are the processing notification messages associated with the payload/transmittal that are communicated back to the sending bank 4001 as discussed above. These processing notification messages are used to notify the sending bank of any problems associated with the transmittal during validation, or of any problems associated with communications to other DTAs in the private network.)

Once the new transmittal has been recognized by the DTA software application, a notice 4005 of new transmittal (and associated payload) entering the system is sent to the central facility DTA 4006. The central facility DTA 4006 is used to track all the activity within the private network. Control totals and activity times are tracked to provide for processing flow activity and settlement information. After the sending DTA 4003 validates that a payload can be transmitted, a request 4007 is sent to the central facility DTA 4003 to do final validation (e.g., duplicate checking), and to get the assigned routing for the receiving DTA 4010 (the DTA associated with the receiving bank 4012 which is to receive the new payload) to send the transmittal 4004 and associated payload 4002. The central facility DTA 4006 returns to the sending DTA 4003 the routing information 4008.

After the sending DTA 4003 has received the routing information 4008, the sending DTA 4003 generates and “inRoute” transmittal message 4009, which is sent to the sending bank 4001, the central facility DTA 4006, and the receiving DTA 4010, thereby signaling that the payload 4002 is in route to the receiving DTA 4010. In flow 4011, the receiving bank 4102 pulls up the inRoute transmittal message 4009 via Connect:Direct, or via an MQSeries message queue monitored by the receiving bank. In flow 4013, the payload 4002 is sent to the receiving DTA 4010 by the sending DTA 4003 via Connect:Direct.

After the payload has been successfully sent to the receiving DTA 4010, the sending DTA 4003 sends a “delivered” transmittal message 4014 to the sending bank 4001, the central facility DTA 4006, and the receiving DTA 4010 (which point in time may be defined as “check presentment”). In flow 4015, the receiving bank 4012 pulls up the delivered message via Connect:Direct, or via an MQSeries message queue monitored by the receiving bank. This is the signal to the receiving bank 4012 that a payload is ready for pull-up. In flow 4016, the payload is received from the receiving DTA 4010 by the receiving bank and pulled up via Connect:Direct. After successful completion of the transfer of the payload from the receiving bank DTA to the receiving bank's internal server, the receiving bank 4012 generates a “pulled” transmittal message 4017. This is basically the same transmittal message as “delivered”, with the transmittal type changed from “delivered” to “pulled.” Transmittal message 4017 is pushed to the receiving DTA 4010 via a Connect:Direct script, or via an MQSeries message queue. In flow 4018, the “pulled” transmittal message is forwarded on to the central facility DTA 4006 and the sending DTA 4001. In flow 4019, the sending bank 4001 pulls up the “pulled” transmittal message via Direct:Connect or via an MQSeries message queue monitored by the sending bank.

After successful completion of the payload validation process internal to the receiving bank 4012, the receiving bank generates a “validated” transmittal message 4020. This is basically the same transmittal message as “delivered”, with the transmittal type changed from “delivered” to “validated.” Transmittal message 4020 is pushed to the receiving DTA 4010 via a Connect:Direct script, or via an MQSeries message queue. In flow 4021, the “validated” transmittal message is forwarded on to the central facility DTA 4006 and the sending DTA 4001. In flow 4022, the sending bank 4001 pulls up the “validated” transmittal message via Direct:Connect or via an MQSeries message queue monitored by the sending bank.

FIGS. 5 a-5 f depict preferred configurations for the DTA hardware and other network and communication hardware for a carrier's network 5000. In FIG. 5 a, the bank's internal system 5050 (or network) is connected to a bank firewall 5052 using 1000 Base SX fiber (“fiber”), which in turn is connected, again via fiber, to a first network firewall 5054. The network firewall 5054 is connected via fiber to the DTA server 5010, which has two active 1000 Base SX NICs and one active 10/100 RJ-45 NIC. The DTA server 5010 is connected to a second network firewall 5056, again via fiber. In addition, network firewalls 5054 and 5056 are connected via a 10/100 copper (Cat 5) Ethernet for management to second PIX, and the DTA server and the second network firewall are connected via 10/100 copper Ethernet for remote access management to the server. Both network firewalls 5056 and 5054 are communicatively connected to a CAS/OOB secure modem 5060. The second network firewall 5056 is connected via fiber to a network router 5058, which is also communicatively connected to a CAS/OOB secure modem 5062. The network router 5058 is connected to the carrier's network 5000. This hardware configuration represents a single carrier per data center, and a single DTA server per site. Other possible hardware configurations that may used in the present invention include for a single carrier per data center, two (FIG. 5 b) or three (FIG. 5 c) DTA servers per site, or for two carriers per data center, two (FIG. 5 d), four (FIG. 5 e) or six DTA servers per site. In these figures, components 5053, 5055, and 5057 are switches. As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, other hardware configurations may be used.

For electronic check presentment (ECP), one implementation of the above system is provided in which ECP data are exchanged between banks via a network. In this system, a check processing device is provided for processing paper checks, including sorting the checks and generating ECP data. A check processing computer is connected to the check processing device to accept the ECP data and to generate outgoing payloads of ECP data files.

As used herein, the term “ECP data” refers to any form of data representing encoded or printed information read from a paper check, e.g., the account number, routing transit number (RTN), dollar amount and check number, using magnetic ink character recognition (MICR), optical character recognition, or any other means of reading information from paper. The ECP data may include an electronic check letter that lists check information for checks drawn on the destination bank. The ECP data may also include image data read from a paper check, such as a digital image read from a paper check using an optical scanner. It is to be understood that the term “ECP data” encompasses any of the above data, even though the terms such as “ECP data with image data” or “ECP and image data” may be used herein. The term “ECP data file” refers to a data structure containing ECP data. An “ECP data file” may or may not contain check image data, and may or may not be formatted in accordance with ANSI DSTU X9.37-2003. “ECP-I” files refer to ECP image files that contain actual check images, as well as corresponding check data. “ECP-D” files refer to ECP disposition files that contain, for example, three cash letters used to inform a collecting bank in the disposition of certain types of checks, and specifically used to identify return items, reversals and holdover items. A specific implementation of the ECP system is shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 is directed to an electronic check presentment (ECP) system with image exchange capability. In this system, banks exchange ECP and check image data on a peer-to-peer basis through a shared, private network 200. Each bank 102 and 104 has a distributed traffic agent (DTA) 210 that acts as a network interface and network node. Data may be transferred between these network nodes using any commonly known manner of network transmission of digital data, for example, in the form of packets using Internet protocol (IP). In such a case, each data packet has a header with a source and destination IP address, which correspond to the unique IP address of the sending DTA and the receiving DTA, respectively. The payload of data packets travel through the private network 200 to get from the sending bank's DTA to the receiving bank's DTA, rather than being received and queued by a central switch. This eliminates central switch latency associated with the conventional hub and spoke configuration described with reference to FIG. 1.

In the example of FIG. 6, the depositary bank 102, Bank A, sends ECP data, such as a group of electronic cash letters 100, to paying banks 104, e.g., Banks B, C, and D. These cash letters 100 initially may be grouped in a single combined cash letter file 115. As further described below, the DTA 210 of Bank A separates these cash letters 100 according to the paying bank into separate cash letter files 215 with new file headers 220. The individual electronic cash letter files 215 are transmitted through the network 200 as payloads directly to the respective paying banks 104.

Prior to transmission, electronic cash letter files 215 are formatted according to the data protocol of the network. For example, in an IP-based network, the DTA 210 partitions each of these individual cash letters 215 into IP data packets and applies IP header information to each packet. The packets are routed through the network 200 according to their IP headers and are received by the DTA 210 of respective paying bank 104. The DTA 210 of the paying bank 104 reassembles the IP packets into their original form and the data is received as an electronic cash letter by the ECP computer system at the paying bank 104. The DTAs 210 of the depositary bank 102 and the paying banks 104 also sends a transmittal containing control and other information relating to the cash letter transmission to a central facility 225 that performs various monitoring and quality control functions.

Because the DTA 210 acts as a network interface to convert the cash letter to and from the form of IP data packets, the IP network is transparent to the ECP systems of Banks A, B C, and D. Thus, this network is compatible with existing ECP systems, such as those described above with respect to FIG. 1, although modifications may be necessary to handle new ECP data formats.

As shown in FIG. 7, paper checks presented for payment at a depositary or collecting bank 102 are processed by a high-speed sorting/imaging machine 300 that reads the MICR information, sorts the checks into pockets 305 depending on how the check is to be handled, and produces a digital image of the checks. The sorting is performed based on the large account table (LAT) 310, which is a data file containing routing and account numbers and an indication of how checks for each account are to be processed, e.g., whether the checks are to be truncated.

Following the processing of the paper checks, the resulting data and sorted checks are prepared for presentment, which entails the sending 315 of the ECP data 320 to the paying banks. The ECP data 320 may be in the form of an electronic cash letter generated from the MICR data, which includes a listing of the checks being sent to the paying bank 104 and their associated account numbers and amounts. The ECP data 320 may include check image data 325 produced by the sorting/imaging machine 300. Paper cash letters are printed 330 for the non-truncated items, i.e., checks drawn on accounts that are not marked for truncation. These paper cash letters 330 and their associated items are sent 335 to the paying banks by conventional means.

The electronic cash letters are handled depending upon whether the paying bank has the capability to receive ECP with image data, as indicated by the LAT 310. If the paying bank 104 does not have ECP with image data handling capability, then the electronic cash letters are sent in the traditional manner, e.g., by routing the electronic cash letters through a central switch to the paying bank as discussed above with respect to FIG. 1.

If the paying bank 104 has ECP with image data handling capability, then the ECP data is split 340 and sent to a data processor that puts the data in a standard ECP format, such as ANSI DSTU X9.37-2003, and stores it in the image select (ISEL) database 345 for image selection processing. The ECP data is also stored in a database 350, which may have individual database files 352 corresponding to each paying bank 104. The ECP data is transferred from the database 350 for transmission to the paying bank 104 by the DTA 210 for posting. The collecting bank 102 (and the paying banks 104) may have one or several DTAs (two DTA blocks are depicted in FIG. 3, but these functional blocks may represent the same DTA device). Multiple DTAs may be used for redundancy, or the various functions performed by the DTA may be split between several units. For example, separate DTAs may be used for incoming and outgoing ECP data files.

The ECP data in the ISEL database 345 is matched with its corresponding image data in the image repository by the image select module 355. The image data is then stored in an image database 360, which may have individual files 362 corresponding to each paying bank 104.

The collecting bank 102 may send two files to the paying bank for each image exchange cash letter. The first file, which contains ECP data but not images, is generated and sent in an expedited fashion. The second file is for the same transactions as the first file, but includes the associated images. The second file is sent once the associated images are gathered and formatted into the proper format for transmission. The two files are delivered within agreed upon deadlines.

The ECP data and ECP with image data are sent via the DTA 210 as payloads, transmitted through the network 200 and received by the DTA 210 at the paying bank 104, shown in FIG. 8. The DTA 210 at the paying bank 104 separates the data depending upon whether it includes image data. ECP data without image data 405 is processed by an ECP edit 410 program, which performs error analysis on the ECP data to identify incorrectly read MICR data. ECP image data 412 sent subsequent to the sending of the ECP data is stored in an image repository 415. The stored image data may be used to perform codeline correction 417 for items rejected during the ECP edit 410 process. For example, an operator may manually correct codeline data based on a visual inspection of a check image. Alternatively, image data for an individual item or group of items may be requested from the collecting bank through an image exception process prior to the receipt of the ECP with image file.

The current items from the good reads 416 of the ECP edit 410 process and the current items 418 from the codeline correction 417 process, are forwarded to the posting process 420. In addition, the good reads 416 (both current 422 and holdover 424) and corrected current items 418 may be stored in a receive “warehouse” database 426 for archival purposes. Holdover items 424, which are items that do not meet the appropriate deadlines, are separated from the current items 422 prior to posting 420 and stored for further processing according to holdover workflow procedures. Previously heldover items, including good read holdovers 424 and codeline corrected holdover items 428, are also forwarded to the posting process 420.

Prior to posting and storage, all items to be posted are sent through an exceptions sorting process 430, which generates image exception requests 435 if, for example, the image is of such poor quality that the codeline data cannot be corrected by visual inspection of the image. The image exception data items 435 are stored and returned via the DTA 210 to the collecting bank 102. The items that pass the exceptions process are stored according to their post status: current items 440 to be returned to the collecting bank, heldover items 445 to be returned to the collecting bank, and settled items 450. These return data items are then separately transferred in an ECP image return item disposition file via the DTA 210 to the corresponding collecting bank 102. Each return data item includes an associated reason for return, e.g., insufficient funds.

As shown in FIG. 9, ECP image return item disposition data files 505 from various paying banks 104 are received by the collecting bank 102 via a DTA. These return data items are combined in a consolidation process 510 with their associated entries in the previous day's all items data file 515. The consolidation process provides a number of different outputs. Some of the return data items are stored for paper disposition 520, which means that settlement information will need to be exchanged between the collecting bank 102 and paying bank 104. Other return data items are forwarded to a returns process 525, where they are charged back 527 to the payor or matched with the paper checks, which are sent out in a conventional cash letter 529.

An example of a Day 1 process and a Day 2 process are shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. In FIG. 10, on Day 1, the sending bank captures and sends to its DTA an ECP data file as a payload. In this example, the ECP data file consists of ECP data, with the corresponding ECP image data file to follow. The sending bank DTA sends this payload (with the corresponding transmittal message), to the appropriate receiving banks' DTAs via the network. The receiving banks receive the ECP data payloads and post. They later receive the ECP image data file payloads, and store the check images. The receiving bank identifies exceptions, to create a payload consisting of a ECP disposition file. The ECP disposition file contains data regarding reversals (missing images, poor quality images, and ineligible items), return items, and holdovers.

As shown in FIG. 11, on Day 2, the receiving banks send the ECP disposition file payloads to their respective DTAs for transmission, via the private network, to the sending bank's DTA, as part of the settlement process. The sending bank separates out for eventual destruction the truncated checks in the transit bulk file (as explained in more detail below), processes returned items (charge back, redeposit, and outgoing cash letter), processes reversal items (paper cash letters for missing images, poor quality images and ineligible items), and holds paper for an additional day for holdover items.

In particular, as shown in FIG. 9, the matching of physical paper checks to return data items is achieved by performing a sorting operation 530, e.g., a vector sort, on the paper checks received in the transit bulk file (TBF) 535. The sorting process 530 is controlled using sorting data 540 from the consolidation 510 and return 525 processes discussed above, such that the paper checks are divided according to their eventual disposition. For example, in the sorting output 545 truncated items are separated from the TBF 535 to be destroyed after a predetermined time period. Other items marked as paper needed, poor quality, or image missing are separated from the TBF 535 to be sent to the paying bank. As discussed above, return items are separated from the TBF 535 and returned to the payor or sent out in a conventional cash letter 529.

Implementation of ECP with image exchange, as described above, may require banks to upgrade or replace certain equipment to perform high speed check imaging. Banks having medium to large volume operations may image-enable existing high-speed transports (i.e., paper check sorting and handling machines) so that MICR and check image capture occur during prime pass capture, which is the first pass of the paper check through the processing equipment. Alternatively, image capture may be performed using high speed capture of bulk transit items on a repass or rehandle basis. By acquiring images from subsequent passes, rather than the prime pass, a banking institution may be able to lower costs by maximizing utilization of fewer image-enabled transports, as only the items to be truncated would need to be imaged. During the image capture process, items destined for banks capable of image exchange are sorted out based on the LAT. In addition, as further described below, some of these image exchange items may be identified as image quality rejects, which are referred to as image exceptions. Such items are sorted out and turned over to an image repair and re-entry process for resolution.

Banks having low to medium volume operations may use slower transports to perform MICR and image capture during prime pass capture or on a repass or rehandle basis. Some institutions may use a combination of transports to capture transit images from different sources such as POD, ATM, inclearings or pre-encoded cash letters. As in the high-speed processes, items destined for banks capable of image exchange are sorted out based on the LAT, and image quality rejects are sorted out from the image exchange items.

Some institutions may opt not to perform image capture on the prime pass and may instead selectively image items that meet image exchange criteria. This would likely be accomplished by performing image capture on a rehandle basis after on-us items and non-truncated transit items have been sorted out. Such a procedure may reduce costs by requiring image capture of fewer items.

Regardless of whether an institution performs image capturing on prime pass or on a rehandle basis, there may be image exceptions to be dealt with. Items that are identified as either having a missing image or a suspect image can be recaptured or re-scanned and replaced with a corrected images or an image replacement document (IRD). Image exceptions may be caused by, for example, transport jams, piggy-backed items, and original documents that are of poor quality or are not image-ready.

Image repair may include a combination of the following processes. If feasible, unacceptable items, e.g., missing items, poor quality items, or items with streaks, may be identified during capture and excluded prior to sending an image exchange cash letter. These unacceptable items then can be sent as a paper cash letter or recaptured as an image exchange cash letter (usually the next day). If unacceptable items cannot be identified or deleted prior to sending the image exchange cash letter, then the collecting bank awaits an image exception notification (adjustment) from the paying bank.

Items not meeting the ECP codeline edit requirements may be corrected by sorting out the item as a prime or rehandle reject in the conventional manner. Alternatively, an operator may view the image on the editing system while the item is being processed and correct the codeline in real time while maintaining the original capture sequence. An item must at minimum have a correct routing number to be eligible for this function, otherwise it will be classified as a normal reject item.

Although check processing platforms typically offer some ability to review images for quality, the options vary greatly from vendor to vendor. Institutions wishing to participate in image exchange will need to implement an image quality assurance program using, for example, vendor-provided image quality tools, third-party tools, or manual periodic sampling methods to inspect images. One common mechanical cause of poor image quality is inadequate sorter camera maintenance by the sorter operator and/or the sorter vendor. For example, a dust spot on the camera lens can cause streaks across captured images until this quality defect is identified, which may result in the generation of thousands of poor quality images.

In a paper check processing environment, MICR data is embedded in and magnetically read from paper checks. In an image exchange environment, it becomes necessary for the paying bank to verify the MICR line data read from the paper check against MICR data read from the check image. This verification function ensures that each item is represented by a complete and correct set of MICR data fields along with front and back image views for the corresponding item. If the MICR line data does not match the image-MICR data, the paying bank may reverse the item.

Checks drawn on accounts marked for truncation are retained in a transit bulk file (TBF) and eventually destroyed by the depositary or collecting bank. Only the images of these truncated items are sent on to the paying banks and ultimately the payor. The image data may be temporarily stored in an image repository for further processing and transmission prior to being sent to the paying banks. Checks that are not truncated are stored in a separate TBF and are later sent to the paying bank by conventional means, e.g., delivered by a combination of air and ground transportation.

As discussed above, the distributed traffic agent (DTA) 210 is responsible for the reception and transmission of ECP and ECP with image data files. FIG. 12 shows a block diagram of a DTA 210 connected to the ECP system of a host bank 605, which is the portion of the bank's computer system that generates ECP data from deposited checks and processes ECP data received from other banks. In the preferred embodiment, the DTA 210 is implemented using software that is configured to execute on a general purpose, server-class personal computer. The various functions of the DTA 210 may be described in terms of software/hardware modules.

The DTA 210 has an input module 615 that accepts outgoing ECP data files generated by the host bank ECP system 605 from checks deposited at the host bank. Each of these ECP data files (as a payload) is destined for a particular paying bank (i.e., destination bank). As discussed above, the ECP data files may include image data in a standard format, such as ANSI DSTU X9.37-2003. The input module is designed to interface and perform any necessary handshaking with the bank's primary ECP file transfer application, e.g., “Connect:Direct”, which runs over a TCP/IP connection. The outgoing ECP data file is passed to the processing module, which performs various functions to prepare the data for transmission, such as verification of the data format and division of multiple-destination cash letter files into single-destination cash letter files. Alternatively, the functions of the processing module may be incorporated into the input module 615.

The outgoing ECP data file, that is the payload, is then passed to the network interface module 625, which, as described above, partitions each of these individual cash letters 215 into IP data packets and applies IP header information to each packet. The IP address for the destination bank is obtained from the network address module 630, which obtains the network address information from the DTA of the central facility via the private network 200. The network address module 630 also may maintain a database of such addresses, which may be updated periodically from the DTA of the central facility.

The DTA 210 has an output module 635 that performs essentially the opposite function to the input module 615. The DTA 210 receives incoming ECP data files (payloads) from collecting banks (i.e., originating banks) for checks written on the host bank. Such files are received though the private network 200 by the network interface module 630, which reassembles received IP packets into the data file transmission format. In an alternative embodiment, the functions of the input module 615 and output module 635 may be performed by a single combined input/output module. Furthermore, although the incoming and outgoing ECP data files are depicted in FIG. 12 as occurring on separate communication lines, such communication could readily be performed on a single bi-directional communication link. In such a case, the incoming and outgoing data is routed to the input module 615 and from the output module 635 as appropriate or is handled by a combined input/output module.

The incoming ECP data files are passed to the processing module 620, which performs functions such as format verification and acknowledgment transmission, and then to the output module 635. The output module 635 interfaces with the host bank's ECP file transfer application, e.g., Connect:Direct, and performs any necessary format conversion so that the files can be accepted by the bank application. The output module 635 also performs any handshaking that may be necessary with the bank application.

Each DTA preferably includes a computer platform that is an Intel-based (or equivalent), dual processor, server-class machine running at least 1.8 GHz. The DTA preferably has a minimum of 2 GB of memory, a CD-ROM drive, a minimum of 72 GB of available disk space using RAID-0 (disk mirroring) or RAID-5 (disk striping) disk redundancy implementations, a tape backup, and at least one network interface card supporting 100 megabit or gigabit Ethernet connectivity. The operation of each DTA supports a high degree of parallelism, such that multiple files can be sent, received, and validated concurrently.

In addition to the reception and transmission of ECP and large account table (LAT) files as payloads, the DTA 210, as shown in FIG. 13, performs a number of other functions relating to the handling of ECP and image data in the private network. Prior to sending a file, the DTA 210 at the sending bank 102 (e.g., the collecting bank) validates the file for correct format and completeness and prepares the file for transmission to the receiving bank 104 (e.g., the paying bank). The format verification ensures that the file adheres to the standard file structure for the particular type of file. This verification includes the capability to verify that an ECP data record (e.g., data read from a check MICR strip) exists for each ECP with image data record. This allows the DTA 210 to identify any extra images in the file (i.e., those images not associated with a ECP data record). The completeness verification ensures that the number of records in the file matches a control total. The DTA 210 also may check the total file size and compare it to control values for the particular file type.

The DTA 210 prepares the file for transmission by retrieving from a secure server the network IP address of the bank to which the file is to be sent. For example, the collecting bank 102 DTA 210 may retrieve the network IP address of the paying bank from a network address directory stored on the DTA 210 at a central facility 225, such as Electronic Clearing Services (ECS^(SM)), which is a division of the Small Value Payments Company (SVPCo^(SM)). The bank receiving the file may have more than one network address, each associated with a different type of file to be received. For example, a LAT file may be sent to a different address than an ECP with image data file. Using multiple network addresses can help improve processing efficiency at the receiving DTA by allowing files to be sorted by type prior to processing. Alternatively, the network address associated with a file type may be directed to a DTA that is specifically configured to process that file type.

The DTA 210 also assigns a priority to the file prior to sending, based on criteria such as the following: receiving bank deadline, file type, file size, file value, and the most efficient use of telecommunications capacity. The priority of the file may be determined using a master table of bank-established parameters corresponding to each of the above criteria. Such a table may be maintained by the DTA 210 of the central facility 225 and may be replicated on each bank's DTA 210. In addition, it may be possible for each bank to establish its own prioritization parameters in the master table. Files with the highest priority are delivered first. File priority may be automatically overridden by an algorithm, to ensure that all files are delivered by their associated deadlines.

The DTA 210 at the receiving bank 104 is responsible for receiving the various types of payloads sent by the sending banks. In addition, the receiving DTA generates bank address responses, file receipt acknowledgment messages, and reconcilement discrepancy advises, etc. Upon receiving a file, the DTA 210 sends an acknowledgment receipt to the sending bank 102 DTA 210 and delivers the file to the appropriate banking application on the receiving bank's 104 computer system. The delivery may be accomplished by notifying the application that the file is ready for retrieval, e.g., by passing a token to the application.

The sending and receiving of payloads by the DTAs through the private network is subject to a sophisticated file tracking system. The DTA at each bank maintains a log having entries for each file sent or received. The log entries include such information as: sending bank address or identification number, receiving bank address or identification number, and file priority. The log also records the date and time that each file was delivered by the sending application to the sending DTA, sent by the DTA to the network, received by the receiving DTA, and delivered by the receiving DTA to the receiving application. In addition, the log maintains control totals for the value of the items in the file, the number of items, and the file size in bytes. A copy of this information, including file time stamps, sender and receiver identification, and control totals, is also sent to the DTA of the central facility via a transmittal. The DTA at each bank also receives and stores in the log acknowledgments received from receiving banks for each file sent.

The file tracking system is used to help reconcile discrepancies in the information maintained at the sending 102 and receiving banks 104. Via the use of transmittals, the DTA 210 at the central facility 225, as described above, receives control and tracking information from both the sending 102 and receiving 104 banks for all files that are transmitted through the private network 200. The central facility 225 DTA 210 attempts to reconcile each file transmission by matching the control totals received from the sending 102 and receiving 104 banks. If there is a disagreement between the sending 102 and receiving 104 bank's control and tracking information, then the central facility 225 DTA 210 send a reconcilement discrepancy advice to the DTAs 210 at the sending 102 and receiving 104 banks.

The DTA 210 at each bank is configured to receive reconcilement discrepancy notifications from the central facility 225 DTA 210. The bank's DTA provides tools for correcting these discrepancies. Corrections are sent to the sending bank 102, the receiving bank 104, and the central facility 225 and are stored as addenda to the logs stored on each location.

As stated above, a transmittal message is used by the file tracking system to communicate between the banks and the central facility regarding the files that are being transmitted through the private network. In the preferred embodiment, a transmittal message is received by the originating financial institution's DTA before any file is sent. The message is defined using XML (eXtensible Markup Language), an international standard method for representing data, and the following is a sample XML schema for a transmittal message:

<?xml version=”1.0”?> <transmittal xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=”transmittal.xsd”     xmlns:xsi=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”> <transmittal_type>payload|notice|confirmation</transmittal_type>   <transmittal_id>222222222-40001287</transmittal_id>   <control>     <message_id>1234-4234-42134</message_id>     <sender type=”ep”>222222222</sender>     <receiver type=”dta”>bank-a-node-1</receiver>     <time_of_message>2003-07-02T02:54:42Z</     time_of_message>   </control>   <file>     <file_name>SVPCO.DTA.ECP.G0001V00</file_name>     <file_type>ECP|LATF</file_type>     <file_size>192837465</file_size>     <codepage>437</codepage>   </file>   <ecp type=”data|image|disp” usage=”P|T” resend=”N|Y”>     <key_data>       <file_id_modifier>A</file_id_modifier>       <create_date>20030701</create_date>       <create_time>2145-0500</create_time>       <origin_routing>333388889</origin_routing>       <destination_routing>222277775</destination     </key_data>     <summary>       <ansi_std_level>03</ansi_std_level>       <cash_letter_count>1</cash_letter_count>       <file_item_count>18434</file_item_count>       <file_record_count>18454</file_record_count>       <file_total_amount>127645697</file_total_amount>       <origin_name>First Bank</origin_name>       <originator_contact_name/>       <originator_phone/>       <destination_name/>       <country_code/>       <user_field/>     </summary>     <cash-letters>       <cash-letter id=”90001234”>         <collection_type>00|03|05</collection_type>         <return_type>R|E|H</return_type>         <origin_routing>333388889</origin_routing>   <destination_routing>222277775</destination_routing>         <origin_name>First Bank</origin_name>         <destination_name/>         <business_date>20030701</business_date>         <settlement_date>20030701</settlement_date>         <create_date>20030701</create_date>         <create_time>2130-0500</create_time>         <record_type>E|F</record_type>         <doc_type>C|G|K</doc_type>         <originator_contact_name/>         <originator_phone/>         <fed_work_type/>         <user_field/>         <bundle_count>65</bundle_count>         <item_count>18435</item_count>         <total_amount>127645697</total_amount>       </cash-letter>     </cash-letters>   </ecp>   <dta-control>     <file_size>192837465</file_size>     <payload type=”primary|copy”/>     <dta_nodes>       <dta_node type=”sender”>         <name>bank-a-node-1</name>         <hostname>node1.banka.svpco.pvt</hostname>         <ip_addr>10.10.1.2</ip_addr>         <start>2003-07-02T02:54:54Z</start>         <stop>2003-07-02T02:59:28Z</stop>         <arrival>2003-07-02T02:54:40Z</arrival>       </dta_node>       <dta_node type=”receiver”>         <name>bank-b-node-1</name>         <hostname>node1.bankb.svpco.pvt</hostname>         <ip_addr>10.10.2.2</ip_addr>         <start>2003-07-02T02:54:54Z</start>         <stop>2003-07-02T02:59:28Z</stop>         <arrival>2003-07-02T02:59:28Z</arrival>       </dta_node>     </dta_nodes>   </dta-control> </transmittal>

File types for this example are:

-   -   ECP=electronic check presentment data file     -   LATF=large account table file

ECP file types for this example are:

-   -   DATA=ECP data without image data     -   IMAGE=ECP data with image data     -   DISP=ECP disposition file for returned, rejected and held over         items

An ECP validation request message is sent to the DTA at the central facility to request validation of ECP data based on the receipt of a new transmittal message. Once the message is validated, then certain values are checked against the DTA at the central facility. The following is an example of an XML schema for an ECP validation request message:

<?xml version=“1.0”?> <ecp_validation_request     xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=     “ecp_validation_request.xsd”     xmlns:xsi=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”>   <control>     <message_id>1234-4234-42134</message_id>     <sender type=”dta”>bank-a-node-1</sender>     <receiver type=”dta”>svpco-node-1</receiver>     <time_of_message>2003-07-02T02:54:42Z</     time_of_message>   </control>   <ecp type=”data|image|disp” usage=”P|T” resend=”N|Y”>     <key_data>       <file_id_modifier>A</file_id_modifier>       <create_date>20030701</create_date>       <create_time>2145-0500</create_time>       <origin_routing>333388889</origin_routing>       <destination_routing>222277775</destination     </key_data>     <summary>       <cash_letter_count>1</cash_letter_count>       <file_item_count>18434</file_item_count>       <file_record_count>18454</file_record_count>       <file_total_amount>127645697</file_total_amount>     </summary>   </ecp>   <transmittal_id>222222222-40001287</transmittal_id> </ecp_validation_request>

An ECP validation response message is sent from the DTA at the central facility as a response to a request for validation of ECP data. Receipt of this message indicates that the request passed all validation checks. If the request fails validation, an exception message will be sent identifying the details of the failure. The following is an example of an XML schema for an ECP validation response message:

<?xml version=″1.0″?> <ecp_validation_response xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=″bank_address_re- sponse.xsd″ xmlns:xsi=″http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance″> <control> <message_id>1234-4234-42134</message_id> <sender type=”dta”>svpco-node-1</sender> <receiver type=”dta”>bank-a-node-1</receiver> <time_of_message>2003-07-02T02:54:42Z</ time_of_message> </control> <transmittal_id>222222222-40001287</transmittal_id> <ecp_validation_response>

A file transfer status message may be from a host bank DTA to the DTA at the central facility to provide status information about the state of a transmittal in progress. The following is an example of XML schema for a file transfer status message:

<?xml version=″1.0″?> <file_transfer_status xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=″file_transfer_status.xsd″ xmlns:xsi=″http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance″> <control> <message_id>1234-4234-42134</message_id> <sender type=”dta”>bank-a-node-1</sender> <receiver type=”ip”>222222222</receiver> <time_of_message>2003-07-02T02:54:42Z</ time of_message> </control> <file_type>ECP|ECPI|DISP|LATF</file_type> <file_size>435435345</file_size> <sending_node>bank-a-node-1</sending node> <receiving_node>bank-b-node-1</receiving node> <transmittal_id>222222222-40001287</transmittal_id> <status state=″I|V|F|L|R|B|T|C|W|M|A|SM|SA″ process=″processing|errors|delayed|completed″ connect_direct=″H|W|T|E″ /> </file_transfer_status>

Valid values for the State indicator in this example are:

I=process initialized

V=validating

F=validation failed

L=updating log files

R=requesting bank address

B=building bank ECP application process

T=transmitting

C=sending file process completed

W=waiting for file send completion

M=creating messages to be sent to other DTA

A=creating messages to be sent to banking application

SM=sending messages to other DTA

SA=sending messages to banking application

Valid values for the Process Status in this example are:

Processing

Errors

Delayed

Completed

Valid values for the bank application, e.g., Connect:Direct, status indicator in this example are:

H=hold

W=wait

T=timer

E=executing

File types for this example are:

ECP=electronic check presentment data file without image data

ECPI=ECP data file with image data

DISP=ECP disposition file for returned, rejected and held over

LATF=large account table file

The following is an example of an XML schema for a file posting status message, which is sent by a DTA upon receiving an ECP data file or large account table (LAT) file, or any other payload type:

<?xml version=“1.0”?> <posting_file_status     xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=“ posting_file_status.xsd”     xmlns:xsi=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”>   <control>     <message_id>1234-4234-42134</message_id>     <sender type=”ip”>333344445</sender>     <receiver type=”ip”>222222222</receiver>     <time_of_message>2003-07-02T02:54:42Z</     time_of_message>   </control>   <file_type>ECP|ECPI|DISP|LATF</file_type>   <sending_node></sending_node>   <receiving_node></receiving_node>   <transmittal_id></transmittal_id>   <status value=“accepted|not_accepted|not_posted|discrepancy” /> </posting_file_status>

Valid values for the file application status indicator are:

File accepted

File not accepted

File not posted

Reconcilement discrepancy correction

As discussed above, the DTA or DTAs at each host bank are responsible for sending and receiving files relating to the bank's ECP system and large account table (LAT) system. As shown in FIG. 14, the DTA 210 at each bank, e.g., Bank A, sends and receives payload data through a router 705 connected to the private network. The DTA 210 is in turn connected to the bank's ECP image exchange application 710 and large account table (LAT) application 715, which is the computer program that handles the sending and receiving of LAT data. As discussed above, the LAT data includes routing and account numbers and information on how checks drawn on particular accounts are to be handled by the collecting bank.

Each LAT file contains three sections. The first identifies the source bank for the LATF, the second section identifies the accounts that are eligible for truncation (i.e., accepts ECP with image data), and the last section maps the bank routing numbers in the second section to pre-defined endpoint IDs and cutoff times for delivery of the ECP files. The LAT file may be defined using XML. The following is a sample XML schema for a LAT file:

<?xml version=”1.0”?> <latf xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=”latf.xsd”     xmlns:xsi=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”>   <control>     <originator_id>333388889</originator_id>     <date>20030701</date>     <time>2330</time>   </control>   <accounts>     <account include=”y”>       <routing_id>0320000059</routing_id>       <account_id>29384374389</account_id>     </account>     <account include=”y”>       <routing_id>0320000059</routing_id>       <account_id>4545453989</account_id>       <dollar_limit>100000.00</dollar_limit>     </account>     <account_range include=”n”>       <routing_id>0320000059</routing_id>       <account_start>393040000</account_start>       <account_end>393049999</account_end>     </account>   </accounts>   <endpoints>     <endpoint id=”333388889”>       <cutoff_times>         <cutoff day=”mon” time=”23:30:00”/>         <cutoff day=”tue” time=”23:30:00”/>         <cutoff day=”wed” time=”23:30:00”/>         <cutoff day=”thu” time=”23:30:00”/>         <cutoff day=”fri” time=”22:30:00”/>         <cutoff day=”sat” time=”16:30:00”/>         <cutoff day=”sun” time=”16:30:00”/>       </cutoff_times>       <routing_ids>         <routing_id>0320000059</routing_id>         <routing_id>0320000062</routing_id>         <routing_id>0320000023</routing_id>       </routing_ids>     <endpoint>   </endpoints> </latf>

As discussed above, the central facility 225 has a DTA 210, or several DTAs that receive control information via transmittal messages regarding all ECP and LAT files that are transmitted through the private network. This information may also be made available to participating banks using a monitor and control system 720, such as the well-known CHECCS/Checkview system, which is a separate system to which the DTA 210 at the central facility 225 is connected. The monitor and control system includes a Checkview web server 720 that is connected to a public network, e.g., the Internet 725, through a router 705 and configured to distribute information to the participating banks, as well as ECP and image exchange information. The server 720 is accessed in a secure manner by the participating banks using a computer 730 connected to the Internet 725 through a router 705 and equipped with an Internet browser (Checkview web client).

The monitor and control system 720 interfaces with the DTAs via a messaging layer that is configurable to allow member banks, at the discretion of the central facility 225, to configure, monitor, and control the DTAs at each respective member bank. To users of the system, the DTA 210 functions as a “black box,” as there is no direct user interface with the DTA 210 in the preferred embodiment, although such an interface could be provided. Rather, there is an indirect user interface through the monitor and control system 720.

The above electronic systems can be readily modified for electronic payment clearing. In this instance, rather than generating an ECP data file via a check processing computer, an electronic payment (EP) data file is instead generated by a payment processing computer, which is then communicated as a payload, with a transmittal, from a sending bank to one or more receiving banks via their respective DTAs and the network. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, certain parts of the above-described ECP system are not needed in a dedicated EP system. Alternatively, EP and ECP may be combined in a single system.

As used herein, the term “EP data” or “electronic payment data” refers to any form of data representing an electronic payment, including but not limited to one initiated by check, initiated by credit or debit payment card, initiated electronically, initiated by computer, initiated by telephone or other verbal authorization, initiated by written payment order or initiated by other means.

The systems of the present invention may provide fast and efficient transfer of EP, ECP, and other financial or non-financial data between depositary, collecting and paying banks or other entities, in an environment that maintains centralized accountability and control to ensure the integrity of the payment and/or check collection processes. In addition, transportation savings may be significant due to the high volume of transit items, for example, checks and check letters, that no longer need to be sent between banks. Additional transportation savings may be realized as the number of participating banks increases.

Moreover, an ECP system with image exchange may result in significant reduction of float due to the acceleration of posting by the paying bank. For example, by eliminating the need to deliver checks to the paying bank before a designated deadline for presentment, the volume of checks that can be included in ECP transmissions for accelerated posting may increase. In addition, the paying bank may realize a reduction in the cost of funds. There may be some improvement in clearing times for collecting banks as well. For example, two day availability items may receive next day availability, and items that are captured too late to meet dispatch deadlines may be dispatched electronically the same evening. Also, fraud reduction may be achieved due to expedited forward and return presentment.

As discussed above, electronic payments are similar to check image exchange, in that there is a need to exchange data in addition to the transaction record itself. Whereas the check image provides additional information to support the clearing of checks, certain electronic payments convey additional supporting data, such as addenda records associated with ACH transactions, details associated with commercial transactions such as invoice or purchase order references, images of electronic versions of trade documents, and proof of authorization such as signature images or cryptographically secured digital signatures. The system of the present invention conveys electronic payments with their supporting data efficiently and reliably. Thus, benefits and efficiencies similar to those described above for ECP and image exchange may also be achieved for electronic payment processing. In particular, the system of the present invention supports the clearing and exchange of multiple types of payments, eliminating the complexity and expense of maintaining separate, dedicated payment systems. Because such a system does not require centralized processing of transaction files, it can accommodate multiple different types of payment files without requiring significant reprogramming or changes in the basic process.

While the present invention has been described with respect to what is presently considered to be the preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. To the contrary, the invention is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A distributed traffic agent connected to a computer system of a host bank in an electronic check presentment (ECP) system in which ECP data are exchanged between the host bank and a plurality of other banks via packets communicated over a network, the distributed traffic agent comprising: an input module configured to accept an outgoing ECP data file from the computer system of the host bank, the outgoing ECP data file containing ECP data destined for at least one destination bank; an output module configured to accept an incoming ECP data file received from an originating bank, the incoming ECP data file containing ECP data, wherein both the outgoing and incoming ECP data files comprise data arranged in the same, standard ECP data file format, a network address module configured to obtain a network address of the at least one destination bank; a network interface module configured to accept the outgoing ECP data file from the input module and transmit the outgoing ECP data file via the network and to receive the incoming ECP data file via the network and send the incoming ECP data file to the output module, wherein the network interface module converts the outgoing ECP data file into packets to be transmitted according to a network protocol that is distinct from a communication protocol used by the network interface module to accept the outgoing ECP data file, and converts packets received over the network into the incoming ECP data file; and one or more processors configured to execute at least one of the above modules.
 2. The distributed traffic agent of claim 1, wherein the network address module is configured to obtain the network address of the at least one destination bank based on a routing transit number of the destination bank.
 3. The distributed traffic agent of claim 2, wherein the network address module is configured to obtain the network address of the at least one destination bank from the central facility via the network.
 4. The distributed traffic agent of claim 1, wherein the network address module is configured to obtain a routing transit number of the originating bank based on a network address of the originating bank.
 5. The distributed traffic agent of claim 4, wherein the network address module is configured to obtain the routing transit number of the originating bank from the central facility via the network.
 6. The distributed traffic agent of claim 1, wherein the ECP data in the outgoing ECP data file comprises check image data.
 7. The distributed traffic agent of claim 1, wherein the ECP data in the incoming ECP data file comprises check image data.
 8. The distributed traffic agent of claim 1, wherein the ECP data comprises an electronic check letter that lists check information for checks drawn on the destination bank.
 9. The distributed traffic agent of claim 1, further comprising an ECP data file processing module configured to divide the outgoing ECP data file into separate single-destination outgoing ECP data files according to respective destination banks, if the outgoing ECP data file contains ECP data destined for more than one destination bank.
 10. The distributed traffic agent of claim 1, wherein the network interface module transmits control data via the network to a central facility, the control data being computed from the outgoing ECP data file.
 11. The distributed traffic agent of claim 10, wherein the central facility reconciles the control data computed from the outgoing ECP data file with control data received from the originating bank.
 12. The distributed traffic agent of claim 10, wherein control data is included in a separately-transmitted transmittal uniquely associated with the outgoing ECP data file.
 13. A distributed traffic agent connected to a computer system of a host bank in an electronic payment (EP) system in which EP data are exchanged between the host bank and a plurality of other banks via packets communicated over a network, the distributed traffic agent comprising: an input module configured to accept an outgoing EP data file from the computer system of the host bank, the outgoing EP data file containing EP data destined for at least one destination bank; an output module configured to accept an incoming EP data file received from an originating bank, the incoming EP data file containing EP data, wherein both the outgoing and incoming EP data files comprise data arranged in the same, standard EP data file format, a network address module configured to obtain a network address of the at least one destination bank; a network interface module configured to accept the outgoing EP data file from the input module and transmit the outgoing EP data file via the network and to receive the incoming EP data file via the network and send the incoming EP data file to the output module, wherein the network interface module converts the outgoing EP data file into packets to be transmitted according to a network protocol that is distinct from a communication protocol used by the network interface module to accept the outgoing EP data file, and converts packets received over the network into the incoming EP data file; and one or more processors configured to execute at least one of the above modules.
 14. The distributed traffic agent of claim 13, wherein the EP data file comprises data, and control data is included in a transmittal uniquely associated with the data. 